一次随想,探讨个人意义上的自由。
尸佼说,天地四方曰宇,古往今来曰宙。从这个意义上看,世界是一个四维空间。这种世界被不完全映射入脑,形成颅内对于世界的模型。人通过感官吸取环境信息(并与先验信息进行综合)、更新模型、并对模型作出反应。
自由需要人超脱当下的时间和空间,在广袤的四维时空遨游(扩展模型模拟的范围)。古生物学、历史学提供了关于过去的信息,社会学等学科则提供了未来的线索。获得了这些信息的人,可以模拟出超越当下体验的世界,从而在更广阔的空间任意穿行。与米开朗琪罗对话,摹绘长安昆仑奴黑玉般的皮肤,成为修筑法尤姆水库的民工,站在古生代泛大洋的最深处,看着落雷击打荒芜的罗迪尼亚大陆……
从老子的观点出发,可以得出另一种自由。
对老子思想作以简单的勾勒:“无”是天地万物混沌未开的状态,无所不包,用语言无法穷尽,因此代称“无”(天下万物生于有,有生于无)。道是天地万物(自然)背后的规律,本身源于自然(道法自然),无所不包,万物系于之。大道不能用语言描述,语言只能描述出小道、不恒常的道(道可道,非常道)。”无为“是采取顺应道的行为,也就是顺应自然状态,因为道能把万事万物调理到最佳状态(道常无为,而无不为)。对于道的背离、人为的对社会的改造都只会破坏和谐状态,如果以人力弥补,则罅隙更深、窳坏更甚、疏漏更多(大道废,有仁义;智慧出,有大伪;六亲不和,有孝慈;国家昏乱,有忠臣)。真正需要做的,是“清虚以自守,卑弱以自持”,让万事万物自然地发生,而不加以人为干预。
基于以上,我采取的理解是,顺应“道”则可以获得另一种自由。自我与自然融为一体,使得自我消弭,而汇入更深刻的道之中。自我追随于道,使得自我因循着道的展开而发展,达到自我所能达到的最佳状态。自我背离道的行为只会带来痛苦和窒塞。
庄子提出逍遥,逍遥是无矛盾地自由地生活于世界上。逍遥的基础是齐物,齐物是超越万物之间的差别,视万物为一体(天地与我并生,万物与我为一)。自我全然融汇于自然,则基于自我的是非、善恶、好恶等判断统统不存。因此,自我就成为自然宏大运转的一部分,在自然中“饱食而遨游,泛若不系之舟,虚而遨游者也”。
庄子对人为干扰自然状态也是极其反对的。《庄子·马蹄》中以马喻人,认为人的本性都受于天,其性质独一无二,应当尽量使其舒展保全(全性葆真)。人为的诸多限制——礼乐、仁义等等是对天性的摧残。这一点与老子相同。
佛教意义上的自由
佛教世界观认为自我是不存在的,是因果关系中的幻影。人之所以痛苦,是因为人有“贪嗔痴”三毒(对喜爱的事物无厌足地追求;对违背心意的事物生出怨恨;是非不分,善恶不明,被贪和嗔支配己身)。人面对痛苦想要规避,面对快乐就想方设法使快乐留存,这些愿力使人一直陷于痛苦中。
佛家还提出六道轮回,即“识”(和“soul”有所区别)会轮回死生,在每一类别中经受因果积欠的福报和罪报。普通人会一直在这个轮回中经受虚妄的烦恼,只有修行才能脱出苦海。
因此,如果不考虑轮回,则佛教的自由是领悟到“色即是空,空即是色”,看到眼前的一切“色”不过是幻影,此时苦乐、悲欢、荣辱不过是浮于自我之上的一些光影,不能使内心激动。自我化作泡影,那么一切就消弭了,不存在了,空了。
我认真考虑过这种自由,此时我(自认为)明白了《卧虎藏龙》中李慕白的心境。“我一度进入了一种很深的寂静,我的周围只有光,时间、空间都不存在了,没有喜悦,相反的,却被一种寂灭的悲哀环绕,这悲哀超过了我能承受的极限………”
生理意义上的自由
从进化心理学、生物学之类的角度讲,人的情绪和感受都是进化适应性的。基因编码了身体的结构。(当然,这不绝对。智人基因的总信息量约是725MB,而大脑中神经元结构(神经元位置分布与突触联系)蕴含的信息量约10TB。这个“解压缩”过程中,环境信息提供了大量的参数乃至代码) 智能建立在基因提供的硬件系统之上,有独立演化的能力,如同在基因硬件上写代码,这些“代码”的总称叫做“图示”(schema),是一种心理结构。本能则是建立在硬件之上的快速算法(类似于汇编语言,和硬件嵌套),维持生理功能,产生情感和一些基本动机。
身心冲突的种种情形,带来痛苦、怨愤、不安、无力,代表着不自由。自由可以有两种情形——智能支配本能;智能与本能相谐,融而为心智。 智能支配本能大约是一个纯理想的情形,不太可能实现。
古脑皮(从圆口纲动物开始产生的脑结构)在人脑中形成边缘系统,操纵最深层的情感,已经深深根植于脑结构。前额叶产生高级认知功能,则是很晚近的事件。智人与已经是其他物种的祖先之间,差距真的很小。
多巴胺中脑皮层通路从腹侧被盖区延伸到背外侧前额叶,调控逻辑思维(多巴胺不足时,思维容易失拟合,找不出规律;多巴胺过多,则会过拟合,看到很多其实不存在的神秘规律),大概也体现出智能的受制地位。
从意识层的角度看,意识对于信息的处理能力有限,本能处理了绝大部分事务(Khaniman所提的系统一、系统二)。而智能所服务的对象——种种动机、情感也大多来自于本能(也有一些例外,比如被诛十族的方孝孺)。智能不可能彻底独立开去。
智能与本能相和谐是可能实现的。
本能遵循一定的规律——多巴胺学习的即时差分算法,对糖、油脂、生殖的奖励,对社会帮助和情感支持的需要等等。这些规律可以被发掘,随后加以利用。无数热门心理学书籍,大抵都在服务于这个目的。
在本能规律的基础上,一些特定的行为可以帮助智能调节本能。佛教“八正道”(通往解脱的八条路,对应产生禅修的八种方法,以实现“戒定慧”三个目的)中,有“正定”(属于修定)和“正念”(属于修慧)。前者意味着停止思绪和想象,后者意味着观察自己的内心而不作评价。这两种修行能够帮助人认清/摆脱本能的烦扰,从而获得平静和智慧。从生理的角度看,禅修入定后,大脑前额叶部分功能会下线,导致自我批判、时间空间感知等功能暂时消失,此时脑内澄然,物我相融。更强的手段是通过现代技术手段(药物、电磁刺激等)直接干预生理过程。
至于极少数人,比如乔布斯、亚历山大大帝、特斯拉,其精神力量无比强大。为了一个目标,其身心无比集中,这需要天赋,也需要足够强烈的渴望。但是一旦本能充分调动起来为智能目标服务,其可能性往往惊人。
信息组合意义上的自由
从更极端的角度看,不再关注生理的部分,而单纯视人的精神为一个主体(譬如缸中之脑),则颅内模拟的一切不过是信息组合。从这个意义上讲,信息量和信息的组合方式决定了可能性空间。
那么自由就是一种创造世界的自由。这种自由几乎相当于数学家提出各异的公理,并在各自的公理之上演绎,形成一系列不同的体系,唯一的限制大概是人脑的算力。
虚构文学创作(典型如乌有史)可以视为对这种自由的实践,在未发生的、虚构的世界里驰骋,从一种可能性跨越到另一种可能性。此时世界变成信息的组合——像是Matrix里面的世界由代码构成。那么通过思考可以完成信息的组合搭建,获得绝对的自由。
这篇文章的trigger来自读先秦诸子时候的琐碎思考。最初试图对个人意义上的自由进行一个随想,谁知笔不遂人心,内容逐渐扩大,超出我知识的边界,已经无法驾驭。因此留下许多问题,以供抛砖引玉,或供饭后清谈,未为不可。
我学艺不精,对于各家观点都只知道一鳞半爪,不过是凭脑海中仅有的概念意淫,所述者一概是一家之言。不知羞地说,这倒也算是对“自由”的某一种实践。
后续胡言:
既然是探讨个人意义上的自由,那就要下一个定义:什么是个人?什么是个人意义上的自由?
首先是人的定义。
从心理学的角度看,随着受损的程度变化,人格障碍可以划分为三类:神经症(人格冲突)、边缘型人格(人格残缺)、精神病(人格崩塌,此时已经丧失现实检验能力)。这三种类别的差异也有生理学基础。如果认为有一个精神意义上的“我”,那么在“我”受损的光谱上,定义的边界在哪里呢? 如果从生理上定义人,那就更复杂。裂脑人实验早就挑战了对于人的定义,人从来不是“individual“。
再者,何为个人意义上的自由?
从人内心来看,
一个主体(自我意识)面对种种刺激而疲于应对,困惑于无数涌动的情感欲望造成的冲突
内心时时呈现多主体的状态——可以描述为诸多思想、情绪和感受都指向不同的方向。俾斯麦曾经抱怨,有一千个自己在心中纠缠(大意),大概就是一种具象表现。
内心的图示受到局限,也就是说,精神世界的空间有限,受制于生活的此时此刻。
这三种状态似乎可以定义为不自由。
从外界来看,人囿困于有限的能力,而不能遂行意志,又是一种不自由。
但如果个体对自己的存在状态感到满意,并不认为自己处于不自由,那又怎样?
我的哲学基础过于薄弱,想到这里,思绪断绝,暂时无可继续。这里不过都是随想罢了。还请各位朋友不吝赐教。
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