陈冠中的《建丰二年》虚虚实实,真真假假。朦朦胧胧之间,中国历史确似有许多变与不变。以四平之战为起始点,构想中国未来,也可反窥今日中国肇造之机缘。
中国历史历来是一个大题目,所涉之多,跨越之广,世所罕见。此外,由于中共篡改历史,大量虚假叙事充斥于史界,更增加烦恼。对于很多像我一样的普通人,历史学习大概是一个过程,一种求索——先是接受官修史书的教育,俟年岁稍长,击节推敲,发现疑窦,再逐步推翻,重塑史观,直到掘出近百年来最血腥的记录,直觉脊背发冷,五内郁结,如坠冰窖。而即便是对中国历史的脉络有了浅显的理解,面对历史内部的鬼影森森、枝节交错,也不能不提心吊胆。
中国近现代史向来是怨望之所集。民族主义者愤恨于中国所受的欺凌,反共的人切齿于红色大屠杀,汉族中心主义者不满“胡元制主”,渴望自由的人更痛切地讨论中国何以不能建立民主。中西学人的研究积秩成山,难以尽述,此时畅想平行历史,倒是能在玩笑之中窥见一些历史的面目。
小说中自四平之战为分野,构建乌有史。孙立人与林彪作生死战,破敌之后追亡逐北无复踌躇,直把彪部歼灭,止有零散部队撤过黑龙江。东北军既逐,中共左臂既断,随后国军于三大战役中分别剿灭荣臻部、陈粟部、刘邓部,如银瓶泻水,直至将中共逐到蒙古大漠方才班师。其后三七五减租、韩战、经济起飞进行如仪。老总统蒋中正连任五届死于任上。过渡三年后,政权归于蒋少主经国(字建丰)。在国民党略微温和的威权统治之下,依然有层出不穷的反抗者和自我流亡者——魏京生、张东荪、林昭、遇罗克……在平行世界继续坚持民主自由的抗争。
中国在国民党治下,提前实现经济起飞,避免了红色盈野的浩劫,似乎中华复兴,其道大光。但是内部反抗不断,派系犹存,腐败滋炽。小说将结局定格在1979年12月10日,在另一个世界中,这一天发生了美丽岛事件,台湾民主化运动如火如荼,终于功成。小说中,志士聚会被情治部门拿下,似乎也昭示着另一个开端。在经历了漫长的斗争史以后,建丰少主对独裁产生了质疑。无尽的刑求和法外法让他疲惫,也让他担心国家未来。宪政民主的声浪一波一波涌来,民主墙遍地开花,党外组党此伏彼起。建丰已经走到关键的岔路口。是出动坦克血洗北平,还是去职还乡归政于民,就在于执柄者的一念之间。
从另一个世界看,在美丽岛事件、林宅血案、江南案等重大事件之后,疲惫的蒋经国终于放弃了权力,此时去美丽岛事件已有八年,其间有无数冲突与波折。但是对于大权在握的统治者,已堪称难能可贵。凡是尝过权力滋味的人,都知道权力有多么甜美,多么必要,多么欲罢不能。历史上为权力斗争而死的人不胜枚举,林彪等人也早已总结出权力运行第一定律“有权力就有一切,没有权力就失去一切”。民主化进程少不了民众凝聚力量,对威权的压迫发起挑战,但是统治者则决定着更关键的变量——是以相对和平的方式放权(同时还要压制精英内部的鹰派,防止集团分裂),还是动员自己的力量与民众先锋决斗。在现代国家,暴力从民众手中转移,凝聚到国家的暴力机关手中。在暴力机关仍然愿意效忠政权并能有效组织时,民众与高度专业化的暴力机构作战,其胜算极微。海峡两岸,两个政权的精英选择了不同的道路,自兹远隔。
说起海峡另一边,又是一部伤心史。中共在政权遭遇挑战(以及具有挑战能力的势力)时的反应几乎是动物性的。权力的强度和渗透性持续增加,一切可能威胁政权的组织和思想资源全部被摧毁或渗透。此外,中国在社会思想资源上被破坏得最为严重。虚假消息、政治宣传、营造叙事等方式构建出Matrix。此外,中共还采用“恶意愚蠢”的战术,将言论和行为等方面的自由度缩减到了近乎荒诞的地步,在社会红线和政权的安全线之间留存极大的空间。很多不满的人以跨越红线而自得,实际上自己却离反抗差得远。这种战术转移不满者的注意力,推高了反抗所需的勇气和成本,反而保护了自己。 但是社会精神风貌被破坏,则人们沦于自害,活力渐失,乃至自暴自弃、末日狂欢。诸多社会乱象,乃至官僚系统自身素质的下降,不能说与之无关。
所谓乌有史,或者架空历史,本质上是再现历史未曾实现的可能性。我不相信历史决定论。历史有着相对固定的结构和力量,但是其中充满偶然,有些近乎随机的小事也能在社会结构中产生不对称的影响力,从而改变宏观历史。历史存在于人们心中,唯一能够局限历史可能性的就是叙事(或者汉娜·阿伦特定义下的“意识形态”)。物理法则之下,人所能做的事情几乎是无穷的,而叙事则缩减了行事的范围。
《建丰二年》和《高堡奇人》都可视为对叙事的探讨。《建丰二年》以近乎戏说的态度,呈现中国发展路径的不同面向,对中共的历史叙事即是嘲讽。《高堡奇人》则更近一步明确地提出,历史在于叙事,叙事在于人心。后者中的人物行迹诡秘,内心炫惑,叙事中也潜滋暗长着现实逻辑的矛盾,如同Matrix里的Bug。既然可能性诸多,历史不只一重,那么可能存在的现实便也就不止一重。历史仿佛变成了高维复杂的弹性空间,有无数的拓扑结构,供思想遨游。
人类的集体行动总是以叙事作为动员的基础,如若旧叙事崩解,建立在其上的权力结构也就烟消云散。从这个意义上说,乌有史是一种解构,在堂皇的“合法性”面前摆出历史的曲折与随机。而在畅想的过程中,乌有史又是一种建构,在思维空间构造出可能的路径,并且可能关照于现实。
至于生活在叙事中的个人,怎样生活则是一大题目。仁人勇士们在中国大地上追求自由民主;隐者饱食而遨游,泛若不系之舟;求索者如张东荪,为前路探寻,提供思想资源;此外,同流合污者有之,蝇营狗苟者有之,视若不见者有之,迷惘彷徨着有之。有时身在其中,也多有身不由己之处。“人生到处知何似,应似飞鸿踏雪泥。泥上偶然留指爪,鸿飞哪复计东西“。飞鸿被大风拉扯着四处翻飞,普通人在时代热风之下浮沉,也未能幸免。大约在抖擞身上尘土的时候,偶然翻开一部乌有史,发生的、未发生的、无数的心结,也都于此时汇进了另外一个时空,有了一些交代。
中华人民共和国庆丰十一年三月|中華民國一百一十二年三月|公元二零二三年三月
高堡浪人
另:本文虽然将台湾(中华民国)与中华人民共和国并列写作,且出现“海峡”等字眼,但是并不认同中华人民共和国政权的“一国一制”主张,对两方的文化关系、政治地位问题、台湾本土性和汉文化、“中国”的定义等问题等也没有表达意见。台湾(中华民国)人民的命运应该由自己决定。愿他们保持来之不易的尊严。
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